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What We Know About Peer Relationships

Beginning with puberty, adolescents spend increasingly more time with peers. Both platonic and romantic peers have been found to significantly influence adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors around dating, relationships, and sexual behavior.

Listed here are selected scholarly articles about peer relationships.

A Checklist for Putting Positive Youth Development Characteristics into Action in Teen Pregnancy Prevention programs

A Checklist for Putting Positive Youth Development Characteristics into Action in Teen Pregnancy Prevention programs

A checklist for practitioners to assess how/whether their program integrates positive youth development and how to improve it. Includes selected related resources. By OAH

By OAH

Adolescent Intimacy Revisited

Adolescent Intimacy Revisited

Results highlight the importance of considering a developmental timetable for the maturation of relationships and social skills, as well as the need to acknowledge individual variability in patterns of friendship intimacy.

By Shulman, S., Laursen, B., et al. (1997)

Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: do they predict social anxiety and depression?

Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: do they predict social anxiety and depression?
By La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, A. M. (2005)

Adolescents' and their friends' health-risk behavior: factors that alter or add to peer influence.

Adolescents' and their friends' health-risk behavior: factors that alter or add to peer influence.
By Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., et al. (2001)

Co-Rumination mediates contagion of internalizing symptoms within youths' friendships

Co-Rumination Mediates Contagion of Internalizing Symptoms within Youths' Friendships
By Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Rose, A. J. (2012)

Developmental Neuroscience and Adolescent Sexual Health: Peer Presence

ETR (2017)

Developmental Neuroscience and Adolescent Sexual Health: Social Status and Autonomy

ETR (2017)

Family and Friend Influence on Urban-Dwelling American Indian Adolescent Girls' Sexual Risk Behavior

Family and Friend Influence on Urban-Dwelling American Indian Adolescent Girls' Sexual Risk Behavior
By Saftner, M. A. (2015)

Friends First? The Peer Network Origins of Adolescent Dating

Friends First? The Peer Network Origins of Adolescent Dating

Evidence that romantic relationships create bridges in friendship networks heightens their importance for the diffusion of health-risk behaviors, and should spark future research focused on the social contexts of adolescent romance and behavioral change.

By Kreager, D. A., Molloy, L. E., et al. (2016)

Friends' Influence on Adolescents' First Sexual Intercourse

Friends' Influence on Adolescents' First Sexual Intercourse

Programs focused on delaying teenage sexual intercourse should address norms for sexual behavior among adolescents' close friends.

By Sieving, R. E., Eisenberg, M. E., et al. (2006)

Gay-Straight Alliances, Social Justice Involvement, and School Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Youth: Implications for School Well-Being and Plans to Vote

Gay-Straight Alliances, Social Justice Involvement, and School Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Youth: Implications for School Well-Being and Plans to Vote
By Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. T. (2013)

Gender Spectrum

By Gender Spectrum

Healthy Friendships in Adolescence

By OPA

High School Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) and Young Adult Well-Being: An Examination of GSA Presence, Participation, and Perceived Effectiveness

High School Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) and Young Adult Well-Being: An Examination of GSA Presence, Participation, and Perceived Effectiveness
By Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., et al. (2011)

Improving the paradigm of approaches to adolescent sexual and reproductive health

Improving the paradigm of approaches to adolescent sexual and reproductive health

Suggests an approach grounded in the principles of positive youth development to reduce risk factors and improve the protective factors that contribute to adolescents’ successful and healthy transition into adulthood.

By Plourde, K. F., Fischer, S., et al. (2016)

Longitudinal Associations Between Seuxal Communication with Friends and Sexual Behaviors Through Percieved Sexual Peer Norms

By Nogueira Avelar e Silva, R., Raat, H., Reitz, E., Plat, M., Deković, M., & Van De Bongardt, D. (2019)

Multiple dimensions of peer influence in adolescent romantic and sexual relationships-a descriptive qualitative perspective

Multiple dimensions of peer influence in adolescent romantic and sexual relationships-a descriptive qualitative perspective

Youth described that platonic peers (friends) influenced their relationships and sexual behavior including pressuring friends into relationships, establishing relationships as currency for popularity and social status, and creating relationship norm and expectations.

By Suleiman, A. B., & Deardorff, J. (2015)

Peer Rejection as a Precursor of Romantic Dysfunction in Adolescence: Can Friendships Protect?

By Schacter, H. L., Lessard, L. M., & Juvonen, J. (2019)

Predictors of Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse Among High-Risk Adolescents

Predictors of Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse Among High-Risk Adolescents
By French, D. C., & Dishion, T. J. (2003)

Sexual Communication Between Early Adolescents and Their Dating Partners, Parents, and Best Friends

Sexual Communication Between Early Adolescents and Their Dating Partners, Parents, and Best Friends
By Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., et al. (2014)

Sexual risk, substance use, mental health, and trauma experiences of gang-involved homeless youth

Sexual risk, substance use, mental health, and trauma experiences of gang-involved homeless youth
By Petering, R. (2016)

Sibling Influence on Mexican-Origin Adolescents' Deviant and Sexual Risk Behaviors: The Role of Sibling Modeling

Sibling Influence on Mexican-Origin Adolescents' Deviant and Sexual Risk Behaviors: The Role of Sibling Modeling
By Whiteman, S. D., Zeiders, K. H., et al. (2014)

Teens, Technology and Friendship

By Lenhart, A., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Duggan, M. & Perrin, A. (2015)

The Influence of Dating Relationships on Friendship Networks, Identity Development and Delinquency

The Influence of Dating Relationships on Friendship Networks, Identity Development and Delinquency
By Seffrin, P. M., Giordano, P. C., et al. (2009)

The quality of adolescent friendships: long-term effects?

The quality of adolescent friendships: long-term effects?

Adolescents who reported greater levels of intimacy with friends do not, as adults, indicate that they have significantly higher self-esteem, better relations with their parents, or increased marital satisfaction.

By Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., et al. (1998)

The quality of peer relationships among children exposed to family violence.

The quality of peer relationships among children exposed to family violence.
By McCloskey, L. A., & Stuewig, J. (2001)

The Social Environment and Childbearing Expectations: Implications for Strengh-Based Sexual Health Interventions for Latino Youth

The Social Environment and Childbearing Expectations: Implications for Strengh-Based Sexual Health Interventions for Latino Youth
By vanDommelen-Gonzalez, E., Deardorff, J., et al. (2016)

Urban American Indian Adolescent Girls: Framing Sexual Risk Behavior

Urban American Indian Adolescent Girls: Framing Sexual Risk Behavior
By Saftner, M. A., et al. (2015)

Violence Exposure and Teen Dating Violence Among African American Youth

Violence Exposure and Teen Dating Violence Among African American Youth
By Black, B. M., Chido, L. M., et al. (2014)

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